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c#学习异常编程篇(一)
.NET Framework 为异步操作提供了两种设计模式:使用 IAsyncResult 对象的异步操作与使用事件的异步操作。先来学习前者
概述
IAsyncResult 异步设计模式通过名为 BeginOperationName 和 EndOperationName 的两个方法来实现原同步方法的异步调用,如 FileStream 类提供了 BeginRead 和 EndRead 方法来从文件异步读取字节,它们是 Read 方法的异步版本
Begin 方法包含同步方法签名中的任何参数,此外还包含另外两个参数:一个AsyncCallback 委托和一个用户定义的状态对象。委托用来调用回调方法,状态对象是用来向回调方法传递状态信息。该方法返回一个实现 IAsyncResult 接口的对象
End 方法用于结束异步操作并返回结果,因此包含同步方法签名中的 ref 和 out 参数,返回值类型也与同步方法相同。该方法还包括一个 IAsyncResult 参数,用于获取异步操作是否完成的信息,当然在使用时就必须传入对应的 Begin 方法返回的对象实例
开始异步操作后如果要阻止应用程序,可以直接调用 End 方法,这会阻止应用程序直到异步操作完成后再继续执行。也可以使用 IAsyncResult的 AsyncWaitHandle属性,调用其中的WaitOne等方法来阻塞线程。这两种方法的区别不大,只是前者必须一直等待而后者可以设置等待超时
如果不阻止应用程序,则可以通过轮循 IAsyncResult的 IsCompleted状态来判断操作是否完成,或使用 AsyncCallback 委托来结束异步操作。AsyncCallback 委托包含一个 IAsyncResult的签名,回调方法内部再调用 End 方法来获取操作执行结果
尝试
先来熟悉一下今天的主角,IAsyncResult 接口
public interface IAsyncResult
{
object AsyncState { get; }
WaitHandle AsyncWaitHandle { get; }
bool CompletedSynchronously { get; }
bool IsCompleted { get; }
}
我用一个 AsyncDemo 类作为异步方法的提供者,后面的程序都会调用它。内部很简单,构造函数接收一个字符串作为 name ,Run 方法输出 "My name is " + name ,而异步方法直接用委托的 BeginInvoke 和 EndInvoke 方法实现
public class AsyncDemo
{
// Use in asynchronous methods
private delegate string runDelegate();
private string m_Name;
private runDelegate m_Delegate;
public AsyncDemo(string name)
{
m_Name = name;
m_Delegate = new runDelegate(Run);
}
/**//// <summary>
/// Synchronous method
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public string Run()
{
return "My name is " + m_Name;
}
/**//// <summary>
/// Asynchronous begin method
/// </summary>
/// <param name="callBack"></param>
/// <param name="stateObject"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public IAsyncResult BeginRun(AsyncCallback callBack, Object stateObject)
{
try
{
return m_Delegate.BeginInvoke(callBack, stateObject);
}
catch(Exception e)
{
// Hide inside method invoking stack
throw e;
}
}
/**//// <summary>
/// Asynchronous end method
/// </summary>
/// <param name="ar"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public string EndRun(IAsyncResult ar)
{
if (ar == null)
throw new NullReferenceException("Arggument ar can't be null");
try
{
return m_Delegate.EndInvoke(ar);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
// Hide inside method invoking stack
throw e;
}
}
}
首先是 Begin 之后直接调用 End 方法,当然中间也可以做其他的操作
class AsyncTest
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
AsyncDemo demo = new AsyncDemo("jiangnii");
// Execute begin method
IAsyncResult ar = demo.BeginRun(null, null);
// You can do other things here
// Use end method to block thread until the operation is complete
string demoName = demo.EndRun(ar);
Console.WriteLine(demoName);
}
}
也可以用 IAsyncResult的 AsyncWaitHandle属性,我在这里设置为1秒超时
class AsyncTest
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
AsyncDemo demo = new AsyncDemo("jiangnii");
// Execute begin method
IAsyncResult ar = demo.BeginRun(null, null);
// You can do other things here
// Use AsyncWaitHandle.WaitOne method to block thread for 1 second at most
ar.AsyncWaitHandle.WaitOne(1000, false);
if (ar.IsCompleted)
{
// Still need use end method to get result, but this time it will return immediately
string demoName = demo.EndRun(ar);
Console.WriteLine(demoName);
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Sorry, can't get demoName, the time is over");
}
}
}
不中断的轮循,每次循环输出一个 "."
class AsyncTest
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
AsyncDemo demo = new AsyncDemo("jiangnii");
// Execute begin method
IAsyncResult ar = demo.BeginRun(null, null);
Console.Write("Waiting..");
while (!ar.IsCompleted)
{
Console.Write(".");
// You can do other things here
}
Console.WriteLine();
// Still need use end method to get result, but this time it will return immediately
string demoName = demo.EndRun(ar);
Console.WriteLine(demoName);
}
}
最后是使用回调方法并加上状态对象,状态对象被作为 IAsyncResult 参数的AsyncState 属性被传给回调方法。回调方法执行前不能让主线程退出,我这里只是简单的让其休眠了1秒。另一个与之前不同的地方是 AsyncDemo对象被定义成了类的静态字段,以便回调方法使用
class AsyncTest
{
static AsyncDemo demo = new AsyncDemo("jiangnii");
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// State object
bool state = false;
// Execute begin method
IAsyncResult ar = demo.BeginRun(new AsyncCallback(outPut), state);
// You can do other thins here
// Wait until callback finished
System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(1000);
}
// Callback method
static void outPut(IAsyncResult ar)
{
bool state = (bool)ar.AsyncState;
string demoName = demo.EndRun(ar);
if (state)
{
Console.WriteLine(demoName);
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine(demoName + ", isn't it?");
}
}
}
其他
对于一个已经实现了 BeginOperationName 和 EndOperationName 方法的对象,我们可以直接用上述方式调用,但对于只有同步方法的对象,我们要对其进行异步调用也不需要增加对应的异步方法,而只需定义一个委托并使用其 BeginInvoke 和 EndInvoke 方法就可以了
public class AsyncDemo
{
// Use in asynchronous methods
private delegate string runDelegate();
private string m_Name;
private runDelegate m_Delegate;
public AsyncDemo(string name)
{
m_Name = name;
m_Delegate = new runDelegate(Run);
}
/**//// <summary>
/// Synchronous method
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public string Run()
{
return "My name is " + m_Name;
}
/**//// <summary>
/// Asynchronous begin method
/// </summary>
/// <param name="callBack"></param>
/// <param name="stateObject"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public IAsyncResult BeginRun(AsyncCallback callBack, Object stateObject)
{
try
{
return m_Delegate.BeginInvoke(callBack, stateObject);
}
catch(Exception e)
{
// Hide inside method invoking stack
throw e;
}
}
/**//// <summary>
/// Asynchronous end method
/// </summary>
/// <param name="ar"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public string EndRun(IAsyncResult ar)
{
if (ar == null)
throw new NullReferenceException("Arggument ar can't be null");
try
{
return m_Delegate.EndInvoke(ar);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
// Hide inside method invoking stack
throw e;
}
}
}
首先是 Begin 之后直接调用 End 方法,当然中间也可以做其他的操作